Dynamic Cellular Manufacturing System (DCMS) is a new manufacturing system and in recent years this system has been attented by most of the researchers. While many available models focus only on one of the simulation or optimization aspects, in this research, we designed  a comprehensive simulation-optimization model; which Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) has been used for modeling production processes, and robust optimization is used for handling uncertainties. Take into consideration that the studied problem is an NP-hard, hence Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) are used in this step to evaluate the mathematical model. As a result, the combination models can dramatically improve the quality of optimal solutions and increase the efficiency of manufacturing systems. These approaches can be further steps to develop simulation-optimization models in DCMSs and pave the way for more extensive studies in this field.

The incidence of acute rejection of the kidney allograft in the world has been around 15% during the period between 2001 and 2003. It is clinically defined as an elevation in the level of serum creatinine by more than 0.3 mg/dL and is diagnosed by kidney biopsy. On pathologic examination, the interstitium of the allograft is diffusely edematous and infiltrated by CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes. Tubulitis occurs when the lymphocytes and monocytes extend into the walls and lumina of the tubules. Presence of leukocytes determines infection or antibody-mediated rejection. Typically C4d staining is negative. Other causes of acute allograft dysfunction included prerenal factors, interstitial nephritis, infection, acute tubular necrosis, toxicity by drugs, and obstruction in the urinary tract.The primary diagnostic assessments include history, especially adherence to immunosuppressive therapy, physical examination, blood and urine laboratory tests, measurement of the serum levels of the drugs, and ultrasonography. Diagnosis of acute cellular rejection depends on biopsy, CD20 staining for refractory cases, negative C4d staining, presence of markers of activating lymphocyte, and proteomic study. Treatment of acute cellular rejection in kidney transplant recipients include pulse steroid for the first rejection episode. It can be repeated for recurrent or resistant rejection. Thymoglobulin and OKT3 are used as the second line of treatment if graft function is deteriorating. Changing the protocol from cyclosporine to tacrolimus or adding mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus might be effective. Prognosis depends on number of rejection episodes, the use of potent drugs, time of rejection from transplantation, and response to treatment.

In this paper a distributed algorithm for load balancing in cellular mobile systems, which is based on probabilistic cellular automata, is presented. The proposed algorithm unlike existing algorithms provides higher degree of independence for each cell of cellular systems for decision-making. Simulations results show that the proposed algorithm performs well under medium load.

It has been stated that cells sometimes have the ability to remember who and what they are! They have this ability, even, though they contain although they have all the necessary genes neededwith which to become all typeskinds of cells. In this regard, the pattern of gene expression must be inherited from one cell generation to the next by mechanisms that lie outside the DNA sequence itself, which is termed cellular memory or epigenetic inheritance.Developmental biology is under the control of both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Studies show that the regulation of chromatin structure by DNA methylation and histone modification is crucial for genome reprogramming during early embryogenesis and gametogenesis, as well as for tissue-specific gene expression and differentiation. Understanding the process of epigenetic reprogramming in development is important for studies of cloning and the clinical application of stem-cell therapy. In the current review we briefly discuss the molecular mechanism of cellular memory, under the control of epigenetic regulation.